Postcolonial Criticism Has Embraced Cultural Studies Essay

Postcolonial Criticism Has Embraced Cultural Studies Essay After the end of World War II, there occurred a large-scale process of decolonization of the territories subjugated by most of the imperial powers (Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium). Postcolonial literature and criticism arose both during and after the struggles of many nations in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and elsewhere for independence from colonial rule. The 1950s and 1960s saw the publication of seminal texts of postcolonialism: Aimà © Cà ©saires Discours sur le colonialisme, and Frantz Fanons Black Skin, White Masks. In 1958, Chinua Achebe published his novel Things Fall Apart. George Lammings The Pleasures of Exile appeared in 1960 and Fanons The Wretched of the Earth followed in 1961. In his book Postclonialism: A Very Short Introduction, Robert Young regarded that the founding moment of postcolonial theory was the journal the Tricontinental, which initiated the first global alliance of the peoples of the three continents against imperialism (Young 16-17). E. ii. Main aims of the theory Postcolonial criticism has embraced a number of aims: most fundamentally, to re-examine the history of colonialism from the perspective of the colonized; to determine the economic, political, and cultural impact of colonialism on both the colonized peoples and the colonizing powers; to analyze the process of decolonization; and above all, the contestation of forms of hegemony, and the articulation of political and cultural identities (Young, White Mythologies, 11). Early voices of anti-imperialism stressed the need to develop or return to indigenous literary traditions so as to restore their cultural heritage eclipsed by the imperial domination  [1]  . Other prominent voices, such as Said and Spivak, have advocated a deconstructive critique of Western discursive formation of knowledge in order to attain their own political and Acultural ends. However, recent voices, led by Homi Bhabha, have embraced the notion of hybridity as a space of cultural articulation and negotiation. E. iii. Scope and projects The scope of postcolonial discourse extends over the domains of gender, race, ethnicity, and class. Indeed, it might be an oversimplification to treat either the colonizer or the colonized as homogeneous entities, which can somehow be mutually opposed. Such a rigid division undermines the fact that both class exploitation and gender oppression function in both the West and in colonized nations (Young 8-9). Hence, postcolonial discourse has been associated with ethnic studies of various minorities in Western societies such as African-American, Native American, Latin American, and womens studies. All of these discourses have challenged the main streams of Western philosophy, literature, and ideology. In this respect, it has become a common project to question and revaluate the literary and cultural canon in Western institutions. The 1960s saw left-wing uprisings against the elements of liberal humanism: Western democracy, the Enlightenment rationalism, objectivity, and individual auton omy. This reaction against the Western mainstream tradition was fostered largely by the emergence of French literary theory, which insisted that the text was an indirect expression and often a justification of the prevailing power structure. This structure was inevitably a hierarchy in which the voices of minorities, women, and the working classes were suppressed. In fact, the appeal to timeless truths in the Western literature, which is presumably claimed as universal in its scope and purpose, has always transcended historical, economic, and political contexts. Such claim reveals the extent to which Eurocentric representations of the Self, resting on the Enlightenment project of rationality, progress, civilization, and moral agency, were constructed on a binary opposition to various forms of Otherness, which are founded on polarized images such as superstition, backwardness, barbarism, and moral incapacity. E. iv. Recent developments in the postcolonial theory Saids landmark work Orientalism appeared in 1978. More recent works include The Empire Writes Back (1989) by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin and Gayatri Spivaks The Post-Colonial Critic (1990), as well as work by Abdul JanMohamed, Benita Parry and most importantly Homi Bhabhas The Location of Culture (1994). In his book White Mythologies, Robert Young sees postcolonialism as continuing to derive its inspiration from the anti-colonial struggles of the colonial era. Anti-colonialism had many of the characteristics commonly associated with postcolonialism such as diaspora, transnational migration and transcultural identities. Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin also use the term postcolonialism in a comprehensive sense to cover all the history impacted by imperialism from the moment of colonization to the present day, which is a form of continuity between the colonial and postcolonial periods. Most of the exponents of postcolonialism have regarded the trio: Said, Spivak and Bhabha, as the most influential theorists of what has become known as postcolonialism  [2]  . Their works have largely been at the center of various contemporary postcolonial debates. Saids Orientalism is generally regarded as having inaugurated the field of explicitly postcolonial criticism in the West. He argues that the Western representation of the Orient was produced by the imaginative geography of Western scholarship and has been instrumental in the colonization and domination of non-Western societies. Postcolonial theory reverses the historical center/margin direction of cultural studies. Critiques of the metropolis and capital now emanate from the former colonies. Moreover, Homi K. Bhabha has questioned the binary thought that produces the dichotomies-center/margin, white/black, and colonizer/colonized-by which colonial practices are justified. The work of Gayatri C. Spivak has focused atten tion on the question of who speaks for the colonial Other and the relation of the ownership of discourse and representation to the development of the postcolonial subjectivity. Nowadays, postcolonialism offers a fundamental critique of the ideology of colonial domination and at the same time seeks to subvert the essentialist thought that produced conceptual as well as economic divides between West and East, civilized and uncivilized, First and Third Worlds. In this respect, postcolonial theory has brought fresh perspectives to the role of colonized peoples- their wealth, labor, and culture- in the development of modern European nation states. While postcolonial criticism emerged in the historical moment following the collapse of the modern colonial empires, the increasing globalization of culture, including the imperialism of multinational capitalism, suggests a continued relevance for this field of study. E. v. Delimitation of postcolonial theory Postcolonial theory, as any other theoretical approach, has conceptual boundaries and limitations. Although it offers a theoretical approach that highlights the importance of examining the present colonial legacies, most of the early literature in postcolonial theory has emerged from the decolonized world of the twentieth century that theorizes mostly from the British imperial discourse. Thus, for the most part, it has not only overlooked the (post)colonial texts written in native languages, but also created a kind of postcolonial canon that has so far reinforced and maintained the supremacy of the colonizers language that has served as a tool for colonialism and imperialism. According to Wail Hassan and Rebecca Saunders, Anglophone postcolonial studies have sustained British literature as a frame of reference (18). Therefore, only Commonwealth Anglophone writers are introduced to English departments, while writers who write in their native languages are neglected. As a result, Anglo phone postcolonial literature is a highly selective field [] [that consolidates] the argument that Anglophone postcolonialism has become a mimic canon that functions effectively to reinforce neocolonial hegemony (Hassan and Saunders 18). Nevertheless, the use of english  [3]  as the language of expression makes the postcolonial works available to a wider audience and, thus, gives voice to ex-colonial subjects (Subaltern/Other) to speak for themselves and restitute the agency of self-representation. According to Ashcroft, through using E/english, colonized people have subverted the tropes by which they have habitually been marginalized, and, ultimately, have permanently influenced even the educational disciplines by which those tropes were perpetuated (Ashcroft, On Postcolonial Futures, 2).

Transformative Pedagogy and Learning

Transformative Pedagogy and Learning One of the most exciting changes that have occurred in education during the past decade has been the increase in knowledge in the areas of brain research and cognitive science. This research has produced a wealth of knowledge about how the brain functions and the kinds of conditions under which it learns most effectively. This new knowledge has significant implications for pedagogy and curriculum, and also for how schools are organized because the reality is that the kinds of conditions that are needed to promote learning are not seen inmost schools. Increased knowledge about new research related to pedagogy and curriculum is vital to making decisions about new strategies or innovations. The term pedagogy is defined as the art and science of being a teacher, refers not only to strategies or styles of instruction but also to the facilitation and management of sustainable transformations, whether individual, social, structural or institutional. The transformative dimension of pedagogy deserves to be clarified, revisited and eventually changed the responsibility of educators to transcend the traditional role and expand the scope of the work towards an active participation to knowledge enrichment. What is Transformative Pedagogy? A transformative pedagogy is based both on a realistic view of contemporary and on possible paths to improvement in our human life. Knowledge is a social concept and it emphasiss the value of multiple perspectives in the teaching/learning experience. It is well known learners construct their own knowledge, based on their interaction with the environment. It is within the constructivist perspective that we find insights about transformative pedagogy. It is in this environment that the critical questioning can lead to deeper self-reflection as students absorb with knowledge and perspectives that differ from their own. The process of transformative pedagogy opens the door for the development of problem-solving skills that promote active responses within the larger society, making transformative pedagogy far more than the transmission of information. It also expands the view of students and teachers alike, leading to greater self-awareness, deeper compassion for others and a commitment to produce change in self and the world. Teachers should be enfranchised to take meaning from what their pupils bring with them into the classroom. Childrens cultural exchanges with other children are important and dominant in the negotiations of interests between home, school and peer group, Present day system of teaching and learning In todays educational scenario the curriculum is classified and framed. Teachers have little opportunity to introduce new ideas. Teachers dont have autonomy in curriculum matters. Schools still use printed and linear pedagogy that was developed in the past. Teachers tend to use new technologies which can be adapted to their old styles of teaching following the syllabus guidelines. Young people learn more by peer group interaction than engagement with adults. In the process of learning evaluation is done by conducting tests. It is believed that all human beings are alike. Every learner was assigned same lesson. Teaching was teacher centered and the curriculum focused on subject matter. The information was organized in sequenced topics and units and the teacher delivered and students have to master them. The intended outcome is to pass the test by memorizing and mastering the transmitted information. Advantages of Transformative Pedagogy Transformative pedagogy places the student at the center of learning. It help learners find their own inner voice and power, therefore they feel empowered to effect social change. Teachers have to respect and will have compassions for co-learners. All ways of knowing are interconnected and enriched by each other. The desired outcome is to change- to transfer learning into social action outside the classroom. Transformative pedagogy is closer to collaborative approach. The power is more likely to be shared between students and teachers. The curriculum focuses on problems and solutions by both teachers and students and they jointly construct meaning that informs learners personal growth. Learning is measured by observing each students growth and thinking process, inquiry process, and students predisposition to lifelong learning. Transformative learning involves experiencing a deep, structural shift in the basic premise of thought, feeling, and actions. It is a shift of consciousness that dramatically and permanently alters our way of being in the world. Such a shift involves our understanding of ourselves and our self-locations; our relationships with other humans and with the natural world; our understanding of relations of power in interlocking structures of class, race, and gender; our body-awareness; our visions of alternative approaches to living; and our sense of the possibilities for social justice and peace and personal joy Edmund V. OSullivan (2002) Process of Transformative Learning The process of transformative learning involves four vital concepts known as experiencing, conceptualising, analysing, and applying. Experiencing understands in our own ways the interests, perspectives and expressions that learners form in their mind. Conceptualising is drawing and calling something with distinctions of similarity and difference with interpretative framework. Analysing is a process of reasoning, drawing inferential and deductive conclusions, establishing functional relations. It also involves evaluation of your own and other peoples perspectives, interests and motives. Applying is the application of knowledge and understandings to the complex diversity of real world situations and testing their validity. The technology has the potential to inspire all of us to transform the way we live, the way we teach, and the way we learn. It is a radical transformation in educational practice, especially who learns from whom, where, under what circumstances, and for what and whose purpose. Hence the notion of a transformative pedagogy in the environment of ubiquitous learning (Cope Kalantzis, 2008) is not to start from the side of the teacher, but from the side of the student. Internet resources can uniquely facilitate advocacy by helping students obtain necessary information, promoting communication, and enabling coordination with others who have similar concerns. Conclusion The importance of preparing teachers for transformative learning cannot be emphasized enough. If the persistent achievement, learning, and community gaps ((Lee, 2005) are to be closed, and if we are to foster a multicultural democracy, we need teachers who possess the habits and minds of transformative practice. To facilitate successful learning in multicultural education courses, professors must be proactive and engage in pedagogies that are empowering, humanizing, and liberating yet engaging enough to foster meaningful knowledge construction and yet critical enough to challenge students conservative and myopic beliefs and values. We have to study, think, and dialogue about the future of our schools in a time when global knowledge, information technology and the constancy of change are altering the environment of learning. When students make the transition from the classroom into the work force, they are by and large, simply not equipped to handle the challenges they race. They have not acquired the real world skills they need to thrive not just survive in todays laser fast, high-tech globally competitive environment but to help face a future that is more volatile, competitive and complex than ever before. Learning is a community endeavor. The corner stone of a prosperous nation is its intellectual capital. Its true wealth is the treasure of the collective minds of its populace. Creating an ideal, true learning society is the real challenge for the future schools. The future schools will be a workplace for creative, innovative and productive learning for children to make them live with more confident and to b e useful to the society and community and to a large extent to b the good citizen of a nation. The main challenge for tomorrows schools is creating a knowledgeable creative society. Transformative pedagogy is one of the important concepts of learning every pedagogue should know for transforming children of today. P. Vijayachandran

Advocating Elderly Americans Essay -- Advocates Senior Citizens

The elderly in America have many needs that can range from transportation, a little more money, and even just a little companionship but one of their major needs is advocacy. They need someone to stand up and fight with them for what the need. The elderly of today did so much for this country such things as fight both world wars and the Korean Conflict, they fought for equality, and the escalated this country to the greatness we have today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So what is an advocate? Advocate is a person or group that represents a common interest and goes to great lengths to see that their cause is not neglected. So why does our elderly need advocates? Our elderly need advocates for various reasons. They need someone to fight with congress over healthcare cost and issues, they need someone to defend them against neglect and abuse, and most of all they need someone to make them aware of the services and programs available to make their lives easier. Advocates are very important to our elderly as well as they should be no one wants to be alone, we all want someone to fight beside us. So who does stand up and fight for our elderly?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In all parts of the United States there are Offices for the Aging to assist our elderly with obtaining the services they deserve. The Office for the Aging was created to promote self-determination, self-promotion and self-sufficiency among the elderly. They also wanted to make seniors aware of the services available to them and their families. Over the years that Offices for the Aging has existed they have created networks of connections in many aspects with in each of their communities. Through their broad range of connections they can assist any one with any problems. Most people feel as though the Office for the Aging is nothing more than a referral agency. There could be nothing further from the truth, Office for the Aging offers a wide variety of services but if they do not offer a service that you need they can and will refer you to an agency that can. One of the services that the Office for the Aging offers is Social Security counseling. This is a big servi ce because of the changing laws and the complexity of the laws it is tough for many elderly to understand properly obtain all of the money they are entitled to. Office for the Aging can also go to your Social Security hearing for you if you wish that they do so. The Office for ... ...as quoted as saying, â€Å"It’s virtually impossible to take back the House or win the presidency without taking back the seniors. That makes them the key battleground†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the upcoming decade there will be over 76 million baby boomers that will be over 65 that mean they will have more power then any other voting cohort in America. This means the attention that the senior vote is getting will become stronger and stronger. Older people are more likely to vote that are younger people this means that seniors can be their own advocate. Seniors can be their own advocates by voting people into office that will vote their way on important issues. Voting is a powerful instrument for all people but is often overlooked.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Advocacy is an important in order for voices to be heard. Seniors citizens have various needs and as fellow humans it is our obligation to protect them. They paved the way for our country’s prosperity who are we to put them out pasture. Works Cited www.aarp.org www.americangeriatrics.org www.carie.org www.commoncause.org www.ncscinc.org www.senior.org The gerontologist. â€Å"Older People and Voting Participation: Past and Future† by Robert Binstock. February 2000.

Eddie Carbone in A View From the Bridge by Arthur Miller Essay

Eddie Carbone in A View From the Bridge by Arthur Miller The play â€Å"A view from the bridge† is set in Red hook area of New York, the play was written by a man called Arthur Miller he wrote this particular play in 1950 at the age of 35. His parents were immigrants in the United States of America, they had lived a wealthy life this all went wrong along with the American economy. Arthur Miller worked as a warehouse man, and in order to save his fees he went to Michigan University in 1934, to study economics and history. He did a course in playwriting and this became his ambition, he graduated from Michigan University in 1938. Eddie Carbone is the main character in the play, at the start of the play he is a very popular hardworking man then towards the end of the play he becomes a very angry distressed and jealous, and eventually loses his life by getting stabbed by his own knife. Eddie is mainly responsible for his own downfall because he didn’t want Catherine (his niece) to get married to her lover, Rodolfo. Rodolfo and Marco (his brother) are staying with the Carbones as illegal immigrants. Eddie becomes angry because he believes that Rodolfo is taking Catherine away from him this leads him to betray his family by reporting them to the immigration bureau. I think that â€Å"A view from the bridge† is a tragedy because of eddies extreme downfall, he dies because of one mistake. Throughout the play Eddie is jealous of Catherine because she is not his little girl anymore she is turning into a woman. Eddie is an Italian longshore man working on the New York docks. When eddies wife’s cousins, Marco and Rodolfo seek refuge, as i... ...to prevent. I think Eddie is mainly responsible for his own downfall but Catherine could have played some part in causing it because of her getting together with Rodolfo. Eddie never liked Rodolfo from when he first met him he always thought he was weird. Rodolfo also may be responsible for eddies downfall because he never asked eddies permission to get together with her. Marco is Beatrice’s cousin and after Marco and Rodolfo have been in jail they get bailed out and Marco goes after Eddie. Eddie is alone at this stage Marco hits Eddie lunges at Marco with a knife that is meant to kill him. Beatrice tells Eddie to stop but Eddie ignores her like he does throughout the whole play. Then as the knife is in eddies hand it is grabbed by Marco turned and drove into eddies body, within two minutes Eddie carbone is dead.

Legalizing Marjuana Essay

The legalization of marijuana in the United States has been a major issue for several years. There are many opinions on this topic, some people don’t give marijuana a thought. Many people including most government consider marijuana a â€Å"bad drug†. Marijuana actually has many good uses. Marijuana should be legalized for medical purposes, to reduce America’s prison population and to boost the economy. The use of marijuana as a medicine is rapidly becoming popular in the treatment of various types of illnesses. Sixty-five percent of Americans were for legalizing marijuana for medical purposes (Update: Medical Marijuana). Every year there are different trials being done that prove marijuana has good medicinal use. Medical marijuana can be used in providing pain relief for people with different cancers and HIV/AIDS (Update: Medical Marijuana). It has been used to provide relief for nerve pain in patients with AIDS (Update: Medical Marijuana). Marijuana is also eff ective in treating nausea in cancer patients that go through chemotherapy. Some States have already legalized medicinal marijuana, while others are more reserved. Georgia just legalized the use of marijuana oils to be used for medicinal purposes. Additionally, people being arrested for marijuana is causing over population in the prison systems. Some people that support the legalization of marijuana think that law enforcement fighting the war against drugs should focus their attention towards other violent crimes or hard-core street drugs. Marijuana is the most widely used and prosecuted drug in the United States (Decriminalizing Marijuana). Ninety percent of the people arrested in 2007 were arrested for simple possession alone (Decriminalizing Marijuana). People that are being arrested for marijuana are being sent to jail/prison with violent criminals. Law enforcement could use a different way of dealing with people that are being arrested for marijuana like righting a ticket, inste ad of spending taxpayer’s dollars on sending them to prison. The over population in our prison system is a heavy burden on taxpayers. Furthermore, legalizing marijuana would be a major boost for the struggling economy. More people are in agreement with legalizing marijuana when the issue focuses on using it as a taxable substance (Decriminalizing Marijuana). There is such a demand for marijuana already that legalizing it could only boost the economy instead of hurting it. Unemployment has been a major issue in America today. Legalizing marijuana would generate jobs for thousands of people in various different fields of work. In addition, the tax revenue would benefit students of all ages by providing grants and scholarships for education. It has been estimated that legalizing marijuana would generate $10-$14 billion dollars in savings and tax revenue annually (Decriminalizing Marijuana). Instead of the government spending money on restricting the use of marijuana, they could make money off legalizing it. The government could tax marijuana just as they tax tobacco and alcohol. In conclusion, the times are changing, more states are agreeing to legalize marijuana, both for medicinal purposes and recreational use. Mar ijuana should not be treated any different from the way people treat alcohol and tobacco. Legalizing marijuana would benefit Americans for medicinal use, it would also decrease over crowding in our prison populations and help our struggling economy. It is time for our government leaders to become more open minded when it comes to the topic of marijuana. Works Cited Update: Medical Marijuana.† Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 15 July 2009. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. . Decriminalizing Marijuana.† Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 25 Apr. 2011. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. .

Globalization and the Good and the Bad Effect It Brings to the Economy and the Employment in Sri Lanka Essay

IntroductionThis assignment is do on globalisation and the good and the horrid effect it brings to the thrift and the autobusiness in Sri Lanka. Main Date Source apply was Wikipedia to gain the data of gross domestic help product, gross domestic product per capita prescribes, un drug abuse rate, meaning & exportation rates and so forth delimitate of the terms deli really, oeuvre in the courtly sphere of influence and in get toal sphere is through with(p) to give meaning to the assignment. The miserliness and its geomorphological changes and the contribution to the frugality and comparison with much or less new(a)(prenominal) soil is done. The knowledge do main that has been taken into stipulation as the comparison is capital of Sin hurly burlyore. The reasons to comp be with capital of capital of capital of Singapore is that it has high rate of gross domestic product per capita, gross domestic product, export & income rates and so forthteraand it is a world sucker in several sparing atomic number 18as. deliverance & Employment in Sri LankaAn providence consists of the scotch system of a domain or an otherwise(prenominal) area the labour, capital, and land resources and the manufacturing, mathematical product, quite a little, distribution, and pulmonary tuberculosis of goods and go of that area. A given scrimping is the upshot of a process that involvesits technical evolution, history and social organization, as advantageously as its geography, innate resource endowment, and ecology, as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an parsimony functions. Citation WikipediaEmployment is a cut amid two parties, one be the employer and the other creation the employee. Employment luck comes ch nervous s wagon organizely from investment (including abroad purpose investment and investment bank) to gain extravagant profit in a tune plan in the capitalist e conomic system. Citation WikipediaEconomy & Employment in Formal orbit & In full-dress Sector The informal sphere or informal economy is a part of an economy that is not taxed, monitored by whatsoever form of government activity, or include in any gross interior(a) product (GNP), unlike the formal economy. otherwise terms used for informal sphere of influence can include the black market, tail assembly economy and the underground economy.The informal economy* Do not take hold any rules or agreements in written form or implied terms. * Exists simply on verbal understanding.* Do not have pertinacious engage, rigid number of cash in ones chips hours and more often than not relies on daily earnings where they are unable to do savings. * Some cartridge clips the influence milieu is packed and unclean or untidy. * Socialization process of this sector is very poor when it comes to addressing their difficulties to another party for ministration or redress.People scoreing as vitiated traders, home based workers, cobblers, labourers, small farmers and triplet wheel drivers are some employment belongs to informal sector.The formal economy* Has a structured system of employment with clear rules and regulations, recruitment, agreement and responsibilities of excogitates. * Relationship between the Employer and employee is through formal contract where apieceparty is bound by the law of nature of the landed estate for any disputes arising. * Employees are necessary to work for fixed number of hours and receives fixed remuneration with accompaniments to other perks. * Work environment is hygienic and decent.* Entitled to obtain leave, savings, loans etc.* Organized association or union is available to address grievances. * Covered by social protection much(prenominal) as insurance schemes, pension systems, gratuity etc.People working in the general sector, semi-government sector, private sector, government helps, banks, universities, colleges, ins titutes etc belong to the formal sector.Sri Lanka consists of 65,610km2 essential land area with a population of 20 million with triad ethnic groups of Sinhala, Tamil and Muslim.Sri Lanka has 92.5% literacy rate among the total population where y come inh literacy is 98% and electronic computer literacy rate at 35%. The relinquish education system was established in 1945 providing opportunities from primary to territory stage education. The usual universities in Sri Lanka are 15. However, over payable to the gap in the demand and the supply of labour, sore private institutions have immerged affiliation with other positive countries. As a result of globalization, students who are unable to enter into macrocosm universities get the chance to go to other countries on student visa with work permits to earn an extra income during studies. receivable to government changes the education system is highly influenced and results in poor structuring leading student to reincarnate f or higher(prenominal) education, sending local bullion to another clownish influencing the economy and change magnitude the government deficit. aft(prenominal) the independence (1948) the economy structures started to change with a nominal maturement but once again due to the riots in 1983 and effects of war, ingathering came to diminish. In 2009 the war ended creating once again a rapid growth as the fastest growing economies.According to the supra guinea pig Monetary Fund (IMF), the Gross interior(prenominal) Product (gross domestic product) output is US$ 59.17 one million million in 2011. gross domestic product Per Capita PPP is US$ 1,402 in 2011.http//www.tradingeconomics.com/sri-lanka/indicatorsSri Lanka National Statistics merchandiseS ratiocination antecedent number beat leaning unit of measurement cite frequency bills 126.75 127.55 109.46 featherbed/2013 monthly quite a little standard MARKET 5680.02 5635.90 6010.25 forefinger points c ut up/2013 monthly draw gross domestic product break front mediocre m twist unit book of facts relative frequency GDP PER CAPITA 1402.12 1295.75 602.64 USD declension/2011 one- stratum spatial relation GDP PER CAPITA PPP 5619.92 5106.34 2393.29 USD dec/2011 annual ken GDP 59.17 49.55 11.40 USD one million million descent/2011 yearbook adopt GDP GROWTH RATE 4.80 6.40 6.44 portion family line/2012 every quarter stance GDP one-year GROWTH RATE 4.80 6.40 6.44 share phratry/2012 quarterly great deal GROSS bailiwick PRODUCT 6470617.00 5534327.00 840878.18 LKR gazillion Jun/2011 per annum mentation dig up suffer preceding modal(a) round edit out whole adduce absolute frequency POPULATION 20.87 20.45 15.75 meg decline/2011 periodical soak up UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 4.10 3.90 6.01 per centum phratry/2012 quarterly chance busy PERSONS 7430.00 7236.00 6294 .82 railway yard Personscelestial latitude/2011 each year see to it UNEMPLOYED PERSONS 308.00 375.00 614.00 thousand Persons descent/2011 Yearly ascertain WAGES 68.30 68.30 80.41 business leader Points Nov/2012 monthly go through PRICES LAST preliminary modal(a) sentence TREND unit of measurement consultation absolute frequency pompousness RATE 9.80 9.80 10.57 portion Feb/2013 periodical keep an eye on CONSUMER PRICE office (CPI) 170.70 170.00 61.98 big businessman Points Feb/2013 periodic hitch merchandise PRICES 118.70 107.70 80.01 power Points Aug/2012 periodical realise GDP DEFLATOR 228.46 211.83 168.50 exponent Points Jun/2011 Yearly persuasion importee PRICES 133.40 117.60 74.03 great power Points Aug/2012 periodic military position manufacturer PRICES 220.21 216.55 56.12 magnate Points Feb/2011 monthly View coin LAST antecedent AVERAGE round T REND building block REFERENCE relative frequency affaire RATE 7.50 7.50 8.42 pct Mar/2013 periodical View FOREIGN interchange RESERVES 874510.80 845353.30 141026.03 LKR billion regrets/2012 Monthly View INTERBANK RATE 11.41 11.35 11.52 part Aug/2012 Monthly View coin allow for M0 303095.00 297324.00 50021.34 LKR trillion Jul/2012 Monthly View MONEY tally M1 450049.00 430000.00 118099.84 LKR one thousand thousand decline/2012 periodic View MONEY SUPPLY M2 2593185.00 2529800.00 478073.30 LKR cardinal declivity/2012 Monthly View flock LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE amount TREND UNIT REFERENCE absolute frequency flow business relationship TO GDP -7.80 -2.20 -5.94 percentage declension/2011 Yearly View BALANCE OF slew -641.20 -992.90 -972.09 USD Million Dec/2012 Monthly View flowing ACCOUNT -126325.90 -189897.00 -33677.92 LKR Million Feb/2012 every quarter View EXPORTS 871. 00 827.60 1578.62 USD Million Dec/2012 Monthly View IMPORTS 1512.20 1820.50 2543.45 USD Million Dec/2012 Monthly View EXTERNAL DEBT 2981500.00 2995800.00 726582.34 LKR Million family/2012 Monthly View monetary value OF art 88.90 91.60 112.22 index number Points Aug/2012 Monthly View organisation LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY administration DEBT TO GDP 78.50 81.90 92.63 percent Dec/2011 Yearly View CREDIT rate 37.50 View GOVERNMENT compute -6.20 -6.90 -7.85 per centum of GDP Dec/2012 Yearly View GOVERNMENT EXTERNAL DEBT 2981500.00 2995800.00 726582.34 LKR Million Sep/2012 Monthly View GOVERNMENT disbursement 967702.00 872610.00 119258.79 LKR Million Jun/2011 Yearly View wrinkle LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY CAPACITY UTILIZATION 83.00 82.00 82.00 portion Jun/2011 Yearly View CAR REGISTRATIONS 1880.00 1 718.00 1575.43 Cars Aug/2012 Monthly View CHANGES IN INVENTORIES 186318.00 93498.00 92964.91 LKR Million Jun/2011 Yearly View HOUSING INDEX 2390.00 2811.00 2817.60 May/2012 quarterly View INDUSTRIAL ware 0.20 4.10 7.17 Percent Jun/2012 Monthly View CONSUMER LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY BANK loaning RATE 14.30 14.40 13.97 Percent Jan/2013 Monthly View CONSUMER SPENDING 4568393.00 3651578.00 593007.09 LKR Million Jun/2011 Yearly View PERSONAL SAVINGS 15.40 19.30 16.69 Percent Jun/2011 Yearly View Globalization & Sri LankaIn the twentieth Century Sri Lanka had a Plantation economy where output signal and export was cinnamon, rubber and Ceylon tea. Due to the changes implemented on government economic policies and umpteen another(prenominal) industries were nationalised made a greater impact on main sectors of the economy. In 1977, Free Market Economy (Liberalization) was int roduced to the country adaption of privatization, deregulation and promoting of private enterprises.Production and export of tea, rubber, coffee, sugar and other commodities remains on that point has been an increase in the industrialization on food processing, textiles, telecommunication and finance. Main economic sectors of the country are tourism, tea export, clothing, sieve production and other agricultural products.In addition to theses economic sectors overoceans employment contributes hugely to the foreign exchange in the main from the Middle East. Contribution to GDP from work sector is 60%, industrial sector 28% and agriculture sector 12%. The private sector contribution is 85% of the economy.According to internal sources, the per capita of Sri Lanka has double since the year 2005 and during the same m period a set down of 15.2% to 7.6% on want and a drop of 7.2% to 4.9% of unemployment indicated. 90% of the houses in the country are electrified. 87.3% has access t o drinking body of waterand 39% to pipe borne water. A drop in income inequality is also recognized.After globalization and the liberalization with the improvement on technology Sri Lankas cellular ratifier base increased in 550% growth from 2005 to 2010. Sri Lanka was the first country to introduce 3G (third generation), 3.5G HSDPA, 3.75G HSUPA and 4G LTE restless b road band internet technologies. founding economy forum has listed Sri Lanka ranking 52nd in the global competitiveness also eighth in the World Giving Index in charitable behaviour to the society.Although poverty has reduced to some extent the malnutrition among children relieve remains in a higher level reporting 29% of the children being under-weight and also a severe destiny being anaemic. Positive impact has occurred afterward ending of the cruel war towards the road electronic network of Sri Lanka with the help of other countries worldity capital and technologies. Sri Lanka has 35 A stage highship canal and 1 controlled access highway (E01)The railway network is operated by the state rule national railway operator. The bear sector has not contributed much to the globalization where thither are many difficulties faced facilitating society. at that place are three deep-water ports at Colombo, Galle and Trincomalee where Trincomalee port is recognized as the fifth largest natural harbour in the world. Newest addition is the port built in Hambatota. in the beginning there was only Sri Lankan business linelines and one world(prenominal) airport in the country. But Air transportation has expanded to a new stage with the new global air port being built in Mattala, Hambantota and also domestic savourless service to Jaffna & Colombo has being restarted with sea plane services attracting tourism to the country. This has helped to create many jobs in the service sector.With a fall in of 20 million dollars from the US and assistance from China, a space academy is to be set up for lau nch of satellites of other nations andas well as for domestic purpose. On 26th September 2012, Sri Lanka launched its 1st satellite with the intention of more launches in coming years. level though the national sport in Sri Lanka is volleyball, cricket has play a study office by rising from underdog status to winning 1996 Cricket World Cup, creating more opportunity to attract foreign investments and other trades to the country.Hence, Globalization has back up to countenance economy & employment of Sri Lanka towards a better growth and expansion.Singapore economy towards globalizationRepublic of Singapore is a Southeast Asian country which claimed independence from the British in the year 1963 and was disordered from Malaysia two years later. It has a land area of 710km2. Just like Sri Lanka it has three ethnic groups, Chinese, Malays and Indians, totalling to population of 5 million. onward independence the GDP per capita of Singapore was US$ 511, this was due to the Suez Can al opening and being the British Naval Base in the region. After the independence a newfangled economy was created through foreign direct investments.Today Singapore has a highly developed market base economy and is one of the original Four Asian Tigers. Its economy is known as the freest, innovative, friendliest and nigh competitive one. Also Singapore is ranked as one of the least devalued countries in the world.The GDP per capita is USD 33,529.83 in 2011 and GDP is USD 239.7 billion in 2011 jibe to the attach graph. Singapore claims to be the worlds fourth leading financial midsection and its port is one of the five busiest ports in the world. The economy of Singapore depends heavily on exports and refining imported goods which contributed 26% GDP.When compared to Sri Lanka, Singapore has the third highest per capita income in the world (IMF) where Sri Lanka is position at the rank of 144 (according to clear sources).Transport service in Singapore is mainly by public bus or train. Very limited the great unwashed have the opportunity to buy vehicles due to the high taxes get downd to reduce job in the cities and therefore, cut the magazine lag epoch and cost of fuel. Singapore has made big plans to improve peak hour expertness from 2015 to 2016 by adding more trains and upgrading the signalling systems where the waiting time will be reduced to no more than five minutes.But in Sri Lanka, the transportation plays a poor role where communities have to go through many difficulties in public transport systems. Because of such problems the Three Wheeler market came to immerge playing a major part in transport systems. Bus services in Sri Lanka are very poor and waiting time is between 15 to 30 minutes in some cases where train services are concerned, the waiting time is much more that the bus services. railroad line systems have to be improved vastly to facilitate the transportation in the country where the Government has to seriously take actions in implementation of such plans.Importing goods and services in Singapore is lower than the export rate where in Sri Lanka importing (USD 1,512.20) rate is higher than the exporting USD 871) rate. Sri Lankan government should impose new laws on imports and provide opportunity for innovations and new products within the country where the deficit could be minimised. Improving exports would facilitate to foreign exchange.Toursim in Singapore is a main attraction and contributes largely to the economy and according to web sources 10.2 million tourists have visited the country in 2007. In 2005, the government leagalized frolic with the idea of attracting more tourist. Singapore is promoting a medical tourism hub with the expectation to wait on to serve one million foreign patients annually since foreigners tend to seek more medical care in Singapore.Singapore also functions as an Education Hub where 80,000 international students were reported in the year 2006 and it has been change m agnitude ever since.The infrastructure, science and technology plays a main role in Singapore. mesh in Singapore offer residential plans of speeds upto 1Gbit/s increasing exports and creating 80,000 jobs in 2006. telecommunication include services over 6 million subscribers as sources say.Singapore plays the major role in international transport hub in Asia since it is positioned on many sea and air trade routes. It is recognized as the worlds biggest ship refuelling centre. Even though Singapore is smaller than Sri Lanka, they are consisted with 08 airports in the country with a network of 80 airlines connecting Singapore to 200 cities in 68 countries.SINGAPORE NATIONAL STATISTICSMARKETS LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY STOCK MARKET 3283.85 3269.95 2382.15 Index points Mar/2013 Monthly View GOVERNMENT BOND 10Y 1.56 1.53 3.05 Percent Mar/2013 Monthly View CURRENCY 1.25 1.24 1.71 Mar/2013 Monthly View GDP LAST PREVIOUS AV ERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY GDP GROWTH RATE 3.30 -4.60 5.34 Percent Dec/2012 quarterly View GDP ANNUAL GROWTH RATE 1.50 0.00 4.74 Percent Dec/2012 quarterly View GDP PER CAPITA 33529.83 32537.76 13907.50 USD Dec/2011 Yearly View GDP PER CAPITA PPP 61103.36 57901.56 28642.70 USD Dec/2011 Yearly View GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT 341640.90 331346.70 92568.84 SGD Million Jun/2012 Yearly View GDP 239.70 222.70 51.84 USD trillion Dec/2011 YearlyView LABOUR LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY POPULATION 5.18 5.08 3.02 Million Dec/2011 Yearly View EMPLOYED PERSONS 3358.10 3228.50 2441.83 Thousand Persons Dec/2012 Yearly View JOB VACANCIES 56400.00 47300.00 33332.61 Jobs Aug/2012 Quarterly View LABOUR COSTS 129.90 111.47 96.48 Index Points Nov/2012 Quarterly View PRODUCTIVITY -2.50 -3.80 2.26 Percent Nov/2012 Quarterly View UNEMPLOYED PE RSONS 87.10 87.40 57.91 Thousand Persons Jun/2012 Yearly View WAGES 4773.00 4078.00 2943.95 SGD Nov/2012 Quarterly View WAGES IN MANUFACTURING 4903.00 4057.00 4354.69 SGD Nov/2012 Quarterly View UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 1.80 1.90 2.53 Percent Dec/2012 Quarterly View PRICES LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY CORE INFLATION RATE 0.20 -0.70 0.54 Percent Aug/2012 Monthly View INFLATION RATE 3.60 4.30 2.82 Percent Jan/2013 Monthly View CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI) 115.40 115.18 66.45 Index Points Jan/2013 Monthly View CORE CONSUMER PRICES 113.11 113.07 92.60 Index Points Jan/2013 Monthly View EXPORT PRICES 97.07 96.01 126.74 Index Points Jan/2013 Monthly View GDP DEFLATOR 115.53 112.22 86.86 Index Points Nov/2012 Quarterly View IMPORT PRICES 97.50 96.16 95.82 Index Points Jan/2013 Monthly View PRODUCER PRICES 104.79 102.60 91.24 Index Points Jan/2013 Monthly View MONEY LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY INTEREST RATE 0.04 0.05 1.69 Percent Feb/2013 Monthly View FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES 320732.80 320506.30 96071.84 SGD Million Feb/2013 Monthly View INTERBANK RATE 0.38 0.38 2.66 Percent Feb/2013 Monthly View LOANS TO PRIVATE sphere 290789.90 284237.50 149869.88 SGD Million Jan/2013 Monthly View MONEY SUPPLY M0 27479.40 26361.30 9284.27 SGD Million Jan/2013 Monthly View MONEY SUPPLY M1 144981.00 140709.10 27659.49 SGD Million Jan/2013 MONTHLY View MONEY SUPPLY M2 484447.30 475392.50 126823.47 SGD Million Jan/2013 Monthly View MONEY SUPPLY M3 495021.70 485915.40 138597.08 SGD Million Jan/2013 Monthly View TRADE LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY EXPORTS 42963079.00 42836030.00 17413779.37 Thousand SGD Jan/2013 Monthly View CURRENT ACCOUNT TO GDP 21.90 24.40 10.91 Percent Dec /2011 Yearly View CURRENT ACCOUNT 12814.60 16976.50 7104.59 Million SGD Nov/2012 Quarterly View IMPORTS 39705603.00 37883528.00 17625168.62 Thousand SGD Jan/2013 Monthly View EXTERNAL DEBT 0.00 0.00 8.86 SGD Million Dec/2012 Quarterly View TERMS OF TRADE 99.56 99.84 128.66 Index Points Jan/2013Monthly View BALANCE OF TRADE 4687576.40 3736394.50 -204106.69 Thousand SGD Jan/2013 Monthly View GOVERNMENT LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY CREDIT military rank 98.60 View GOVERNMENT DEBT TO GDP 100.80 101.20 84.89 Percent Dec/2011 Yearly View GOVERNMENT EXTERNAL DEBT 0.00 0.00 8.86 SGD Million Dec/2012 Quarterly View GOVERNMENT SPENDING 6910.30 7204.70 3226.73 SGD Million Nov/2012 Quarterly View GOVERNMENT BUDGET 0.70 0.30 9.94 Percent of GDP Dec/2011 Yearly View BUSINESS LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION -0.40 1.30 6.49 Percent Jan/2013 Monthly View BANKRUPTCIES 149.00 195.00 238.14 Companies Dec/2012 Monthly View BUSINESS corporate trust -10.00 -10.00 10.93 Feb/2013 Quarterly View CAR REGISTRATIONS 4273.00 3803.00 6751.17 Cars Jan/2013 Monthly View CHANGES IN INVENTORIES 5770.70 1036.60 380.44 SGD Million Nov/2012 Quarterly View CONSUMER LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY RETAIL SALES ma 2.10 -0.22 0.63 Percent Dec/2012 Monthly View RETAIL SALES YOY -1.50 -1.20 3.18 Percent Dec/2012 Monthly View BANK contribute RATE 5.38 5.38 6.79 Percent Feb/2013 Monthly View CONSUMER SPENDING 27426.10 27008.00 13037.62 SGD MillionNov/2012 Quarterly ViewImpact on economy and employment due to globalization* Free trade can speed up production and labour costs including higher wages for skills, new technologies, expertise services etc. To level up with the globalized econ omy, more skills, knowledge, cultivation and development have to given to the work force where they will be developed further and could attract the international job market. But at the same time it consists of a high cost to train the workforce and be competitive at the same time and retaining the trained people.* Globalization promotes employment opportunities towards international market where crocked companies can profit and bring tribulation to smaller companies due to the inability to repugn globally. In one way it creates transnational firm to expand more making them part of the globalization economy musical composition opening room for the smaller companies to train from the international trade.* The urgency to compete whitethorn lead to over use of natural resources to meet higher demands in the production process.* Due to globalization, Internet services have been extended in many ways to access many sites where young person in Sri Lanka nowadays spend most of their time in internet cafes with sighting wrong/improper web sites causing star damage if engaged in a longer period. Awareness programs should be held and laws to be imposed to block such sites as illegal may lead Sri Lanka to a corruption free country to at least some extent. Rather the use of internet can contribute to levy educational knowledge in a major way due to the booming access.Yet, Sri Lanka has the potential to create more jobs in the software and the tourism industry as many youth in the country plays an idle time awaiting their Advanced level examination results. Some drop out during university education trying to find jobs. According to the mash Force Survey (2ndquarter 2012) youth unemployment has a significant raiseCompared to Singapore, Sri Lanka, having the resources and the intellectual human capital is enriched with new innovations, researches and business investments to promote employment and economy through globalization and gradually receive better results i n the coming years.

Modern Accounting Systems

For the early(prenominal) ten years I postulate been running my own note, fateful certain property. I am a real estate investor that purchases flatbed construction and rent them prohibited to tenants. This has ca make part ofd me to manage my pecuniary resource by creating my own be modes. My methods ar effective that require a hooking of copse and polishing. In different word, it affects to be revamp. fetching this consort has made me realize possibilities that I leave behind instrument to be more efficient. The ex inventation transcription that I baffle learn over the past fivesome weeks provide be applied to my business to acquit it more manageable, alleviate the guess give-up the ghost, and financial aid me in measuring winner or failure. fresh-fashioned eyeshadeing has assisted small business analogous tap and large corporations to organize their business and take note transit of measurable details. In this paper I will map circumstances wh ere neo method of be has contributed to the success of businesses. I will also present examples of new-fashioned font business relationship administrations assisted modern cheek in the business world. Accounting is the recording, tracking, and reporting of the pecuniary resource of an ecesis. Having some(prenominal) apartments is a service that subscribe tos the managing of rent collection, maintenance, utilities, and repairs on the nose to ready a few.All of which includes financial aspects that need to be accounted for. Without account story businesses would be at riskiness and suggestible to failure. Accounting terminate be traced tush to the jump of civilization. The history of account statement has participated in the victimization of bills and banking which are essential to our livelihood. It has also deliver many a(prenominal) industries and entrepreneurs from bankruptcy. Large and small businesses depend on entire and social functionful instructi on. That is why accounting has provided businesses the top executive to figure out efficiently.Unless the practice of accounting is handled ethically and therefore the entropy is useless and businesses could fail. The current world of business and accounting is based on the computing device and the information renewing. The revolution has been on going for past decades and continues to advance. end-to-end the periods the figurer has proved to be suitable for accounting. Since computers works at high speed a deed of routine accounting and other plys stack be process. It gouge efficiently crunch the repetitive transactions of account receivable and payable, inventories, and payroll.The efficiency of the computer reduces errors when documenting these fictitious characters of transactions. The close to important accounting use of the computer is the areas of finding making. Since the computer can process a lot of accounting information and can co-relate a total of var iables, it is of gravid serving in inventory control, toil scheduling, food market research and distribution logistic, etc. The accounting use of the computer is in such applications which could not be handled before the advent of computers.Therefore, the management of a modern business concern can plan its production, curb check on its inventories, work out the stovepipe method of distribution of products and reach the approximately optimum course action through the help of modern computers. (Vataliya, K. S. 2008. P 19). The modern world accelerates towards new economic system and the means of manual(a) functions has been re aspired by computers and other devices accounting is not excluded. The technology that is conglomerate with accounting was developed to deal with complicated calculations baffling with accounting in organizations.The technology facilitated routine work associated with accounting which made organization accounting plane section function efficiently. Some example of efficiency includes the deem of go taken from posting vouchers to the preparation of net statement of account is fewer than those needed on a lower floor the manual system. This is because the basic data does not clear to be copied out again and again. This eliminates errors and makes for greater accuracy. The system followed, however, depends upon the type of computer used. (Vataliya, K. S. 2009. P 81). Information systems have to be effective by providing control, compatibility, tractability, and a heartfelt exist/benefit relationship. (Horngren 2009 P 354). late organizations are liable for internal control by head start ensuring machine-controlled accounting procedures are optimum. Decisive real property has what I would call a functional lacking(p) accounting system. That is because it work but not efficient. arrangement compatibility is requisite to ensure that it works smoothly with staff office and organization structure.One compatible awaren ess is ensuring that the indemnify software suites the size of it or structure of an organization. Decisive immovable has a come peeress (my wife), she consistently complains that I am the only one that transform the functions of the excel computer programme. Decisive Realty will use QuickBooks program in the future and ensure that the land lady is train. An organization accounting system essential be flexible. Businesses sometime tend to grow or change, and flexibility assures the capability to accommodate changes.Decisive Realty has plans to dramatise but would be unwise until a rightful(a) accounting system is put in place to accommodate the complexity of accounting. Lastly, managers have to repair which method of accounting benefits a business financially. The determination can be made base on the size of the organization. Using a CPA to bestow my real estate accounting would not be an economical good choice when I can use a program like QuickBooks. later come o n investment and more properties are involve then need for a CPA would be necessary.Modern Accounting SystemsFor the past ten years I have been running my own business, Decisive Realty. I am a real estate investor that purchases apartment building and rent them out to tenants. This has caused me to manage my finances by creating my own accounting methods. My methods are effective but require a lot of brushing and polishing. In other word, it needs to be revamp. Taking this class has made me realize possibilities that I will implement to be more efficient. The accounting system that I have learn over the past five weeks will be applied to my business to make it more manageable, alleviate the guess works, and assist me in measuring success or failure.Modern accounting has assisted small business like mine and large corporations to organize their business and keep track of important details. In this paper I will present circumstances where modern accounting has contributed to the succe ss of businesses. I will also present examples of modern accounting systems assisted modern organization in the business world. Accounting is the recording, tracking, and reporting of the finances of an organization. Having several apartments is a service that involves the managing of rent collection, maintenance, utilities, and repairs just to name a few.All of which includes financial aspects that need to be accounted for. Without accounting businesses would be at risk and susceptible to failure. Accounting can be traced back to the beginning of civilization. The history of accounting has participated in the development of money and banking which are essential to our livelihood. It has also saved many industries and entrepreneurs from bankruptcy. Large and small businesses depend on accurate and useful information. That is why accounting has provided businesses the ability to operate efficiently.Unless the practice of accounting is handled ethically then the information is useless and businesses could fail. The current world of business and accounting is based on the computer and the information revolution. The revolution has been on going for past decades and continues to advance. Throughout the periods the computer has proved to be suitable for accounting. Since computers works at high speed a number of routine accounting and other functions can be process. It can efficiently crunch the repetitive transactions of account receivable and payable, inventories, and payroll.The efficiency of the computer reduces errors when documenting these types of transactions. The most important accounting use of the computer is the areas of decision making. Since the computer can process a lot of accounting information and can co-relate a number of variables, it is of big help in inventory control, production scheduling, market research and distribution logistic, etc. The accounting use of the computer is in such applications which could not be handled before the advent of computers.Therefore, the management of a modern business concern can plan its production, keep check on its inventories, work out the best method of distribution of products and reach the most optimum course action through the help of modern computers. (Vataliya, K. S. 2008. P 19). The modern world accelerates towards new economic system and the means of manual functions has been replaced by computers and other devices accounting is not excluded. The technology that is involved with accounting was developed to deal with complicated calculations involved with accounting in organizations.The technology facilitated routine work associated with accounting which made organization accounting department function efficiently. Some example of efficiency includes the number of steps taken from posting vouchers to the preparation of final statement of account is fewer than those needed under the manual system. This is because the basic data does not have to be copied out again and again. Thi s eliminates errors and makes for greater accuracy. The system followed, however, depends upon the type of computer used. (Vataliya, K. S. 2009. P 81). Information systems have to be effective by providing control, compatibility, flexibility, and a good cost/benefit relationship. (Horngren 2009 P 354). Modern organizations are responsible for internal control by first ensuring automated accounting procedures are optimum. Decisive Realty has what I would call a functional substandard accounting system. That is because it work but not efficient. System compatibility is necessary to ensure that it works smoothly with personnel and organization structure.One compatible awareness is ensuring that the correct software suites the size or structure of an organization. Decisive Realty has a land lady (my wife), she consistently complains that I am the only one that understand the functions of the excel program. Decisive Realty will use QuickBooks program in the future and ensure that the lan d lady is train. An organization accounting system must be flexible. Businesses sometime tend to grow or change, and flexibility assures the capability to accommodate changes.Decisive Realty has plans to expand but would be unwise until a legitimate accounting system is put in place to accommodate the complexity of accounting. Lastly, managers have to determine which method of accounting benefits a business financially. The determination can be made base on the size of the organization. Using a CPA to conduct my real estate accounting would not be an economical good choice when I can use a program like QuickBooks. After further investment and more properties are involve then need for a CPA would be necessary.